Twelve men

Try and link views and values to the themes in the text where you can! Identifying views and values 1 . Identify three core views that you believe are expressed throughout ‘Twelve Angry Men' 2. Write three sentences about these views using the sample below as a model Egg: Rose's play challenges the audience to examine their own prejudice, exposing the dangers of prejudging, particularly in the court room. 3. What does Rose value / condemn?Identify three qualities/concepts/ideas that you believe Reginald Rose endorses, challenges or leaves unquestioned in ‘Twelve Angry Men'. Justify your response. 2. Setting: Rose's play is all acted on the same set: Analyses the imagery created by the stage directions at the beginning of the play (Para) Analyses the scenes that take place in the washroom. What is the purpose of this separate section of the stage? In what way(s) does it enable Rose to develop his characters (for example, what is revealed about their motives, attitudes and values etc) as well as our perceptions and responses to them?How does Rose use the New York skyline to reflect his views on the indifference humans can have to serious situations? (p. -4) What is the effect of the way that Rose confines the action of the play to the Jury room? How does it enable Rose to develop dramatic tensions throughout the play? 3. Characters: 1 . Provide character details for each of the twelve Jurors. You can choose to present your details in a comprehensive paragraph on each character, a character map or a chart.You should include: any biographical information: experiences such as: occupation, where they live / grew up the character's personality and role(s) in the play: how they feel about the task, their reasons for feeling the boy is guilty (or innocent); their relationships, attitudes and values 3 – 5 relevant quotations for each character 2. Create a table detailing each Juror's views on the guilt of the defendant. Chart how / why these change ove r the course of the play: Juror When swayed How swayed Evidence (look at stage directions in particular) 3. Now, discuss Rose's view of each character.Is he sympathetic or unsympathetic? Admiring or critical? Affectionate or hostile? How do you know? Explain using quotes. Characterization: Characters views and values can be revealed through: Authorial comments e. G. Hat Rose reveals in the stage directions What the character says themselves How the character speaks – think specifically about the language the character uses and the tone they use What others say or think about them What the character does How their personalities and attitudes are revealed in their relationships How the characters attitudes and beliefs are challenged by others 1 .Choose three key moments in the text where Rose's portrayal of the character reveals something about their or his own views and values. Outline this. 2. Find 5 stage directions relating to your character and explain their relevance â₠¬â€œ choose stage erections that reveal varied aspects of the character (egg: growth over time) 3. Create a word bank for this character 4. Write a succinct paragraph on how views and values are aligned with characters in the text.Remember to begin with a clear contention, provide explanation (about how the views and values are presented) and support with evidence from the text. (see example below to help get you started) For example: Rose depicts the Juror as a forceful and extremely opinionated man within whom can be detected a streak of sadism. He is hammerless and intolerant, and indeed, his lack of compassion is strongly contrasted to the humanity ND sense of moral obligation we find in Juror . This reflects Rose's criticism of 4. Themes Complete a 200 word analysis of each of the themes below for the text as whole.Ensure you utilizes the TEE structure in your analysis: Topic: Introduce the theme and discuss the development of it throughout the text Explain and Explore: Give on e or more strong examples from the text to discuss the overall theme e. G. Key events, reflections from Rose etc Evidence: Finally, use quotes throughout your analysis to strengthen your discussion. Racial prejudice justice and the Jury rationality and subjectivity ere pressure: the power of conformity civic duty(qualities such as honor, compassion, empathy†¦ ND the flip side of this: insensitivity, ignorance †¦ ) 5. Structure and language 1. Rose said: No one anywhere ever knows what goes on inside a Jury room but the Jurors, and I thought then that a play taking place entirely within a Jury room might be an exciting and possible moving experience for an audience. Discuss in detail the choices Rose makes to engage the audience in the drama of his play; to encourage them to reflect on their own prejudices as well as using the court mom to present his views on the importance of integrity and active citizenship. . Plot the tensions' of the drama. What are the turning points? Where do they occur? Why? 3. Choose 2 Jurors and study the language patterns and choices. How do they speak to others? What tone(s) do they use? Are their word choices negatively or positively contacted? How does use Rose use their language to influence our reactions to them? Use examples to support your discussions. 4. Make a list of 10 stage directions, presented in sequential order, that show what is happening in terms of the physical action of the play. Explain their significance. 5.Make a list of 10 stage directions, presented in sequential order, that show what is happening in terms of the emotional states of the characters in the play. You could choose 1 character or various characters. If you choose one character, do not choose the character that you worked on in the group task. Explain their significance. 6. One of the key skills of this outcome is the ability to analyses the ways in which textual meaning is created. This means being able to identify narrative devices used by authors and the way structural and language elements contribute to a readers understanding of the key textual concerns.Some of the devices include: Narrative viewpoint Imagery (similes, metaphors, personification etc) Symbolism / Motif Tone / Mood – consider here Rose's use of the storm, interactions / tension between characters Setting Colloquial Language Writers use these devices to shape our perceptions of and attitudes towards characters and textual ideas / themes. Find 10 literary devices Rose utilizes throughout the text and explain their meaning. Language / Literary Device (for example, symbol, imagery – simile / metaphor, use of setting etc.Textual Example (Quote) Meaning Created (for egg, how do we perceive character, what does it add to our understanding of theme, social context etc. ) 6. Differing interpretations 1 . For each of the following statements, find examples from the text that challenge or endorse the ideas presented – discuss why you ch ose them â€Å"[Twelve Angry Men] points up the fact, which too many of us have not taken seriously, of what it means to serve on a Jury when a man's life is at stake. † â€Å"Numbered but not named, [the Jurors] comprise a cross section of American society†¦ Eire value for Rose is as social representatives rather than as individuals. † â€Å"What is uplifting is that Rose's narrative shows the ugliness of racial prejudice, and then rational men turning their backs on this ugliness. The racist views do not hold sway for long. † Using the themes in the text, develop interpretative statements about the text that link two or more of these ideas in one sentence. For example: Throughout his play, Rose critiques the oppressive and discriminative environment of McCarthy America, exploring the way some Jurors use the power of their rationality to attempt to sway others to share their point of view.Indeed, the 8th juror is aware of the effects and dangers of peer pr essure and this is illustrated through his request to have the second (and possibly the most important vote) taken as an anonymous ballot (p. 18) At various moments in the play, the 10th, 3rd and 7th jurors do try to sway the vote to ‘guilty through the use of intimidation rather than argument. What can be interpreted is another clear message conveyed by Rose through his play is that this type of intimidation will ultimately be unsuccessful.Logic and reason do win out over endemic prejudice, but what the play also illustrates is that for this to occur, there must be voices who are prepared to hold true to their convictions. This is clearly portrayed through the contrast between the â€Å"[interrupting]† and â€Å"[shouting]† of Jurors 10 and 3 and the â€Å"[calm]† and reflective â€Å"[pauses]† of Juror 8. 2. What â€Å"truths† are revealed throughout the play? 3. Identify one character in the text that you are sympathetic towards and one yo u are critical of. Explain your reactions using evidence from the text.

Pizza! the Best Party Food Essay

Ding! Dong! â€Å"The pizza’s here everybody†. What do you mostly always eat when there is a party? What do you expect to eat at a party? That’s right! It’s pizza. A party without pizza is like a store without anything to sell. Some reasons that it is the best party food is that everybody eats it and is easy to get. Another reason is that everyone loves it. So why not get pizza the next time you decide to throw a party. First of all, lactose intolerant people aside, who doesn’t love when the pizza guy arrives at the door with, boxes of that deliciousness. Also it is the easiest thing to get for a party is pizza. Its so hard to cook for anywhere from 50-100 people. That would take hours of work and make the house smell bad. Why not just spend 60 dollars and get about seven whole boxes of Pizza Hut, Domino’s, DiGiorno’s, or anything else. Its saves so much time and the trouble of cooking. Also who knows if they will honestly even like the food you cook. When getting pizza you know everybody will eat it because the hosts of parties know people love pizza. Do you want to be remembered as a good host or party thrower? Then go buy pizza. You will probably spend that much on whatever you are cooking any way. So take the easy way out, and also the smart way. Next, everyone enjoys pizza, name one person that just doesn’t enjoy pizza. The perfect blend of cheese, tomato, and bread gets everyone’s mouths watering. Everyone just can’t resist from taking a slice. On the other hand it also tastes very good with drinks such as sodas. You can have all the wings and breadsticks you want but no matter what it won’t be a party without pizza. If I ever met someone who doesn’t like pizza I would interrogate him with questions. Did you ever even try it? Are you crazy? What’s wrong with you? What planet have you come from? Good thing I have never met anyone like that. Pizza is also rated the peoples’ most favorite food worldwide. So at a party you know it’s pretty demanding. If people don’t get pizza then it will make the guests unhappy and unsatisfied in their stomach. Overall there is no way around it. Pizza is the king of the party. It is the stomach filler. It is the most essential ingredient to making a successful party.

Life Cycle Costing Finding

In management accounting, there are various costing methods applicable to use in practice. Some of practitioners are familiar with Job order costing, process costing and activity based costing. The key idea is to apply the right costing method in the right situation. Life cycle costing (LCC) offers another choice to the user. It is usually found in manufacturing, construction, software companies and product development. As we know, consumer and manager need to make decision on the cost of acquisition and cost of ongoing use of many different assets like equipment, motor vehicle, plant and other.As it seems, the key factor to influence the decision of acquisition on assets is the initial capital cost. In addition, the unrealized cost such as ongoing operation and maintenance cost should be considered before the decision making is made. Life cycle Costing is a process to determine the sum of all the costs related with an asset throughout its life which include acquisition, installation , operations, maintenance, renovation and disposal costs.For example, if the managers want to buy the motor vehicle for the purpose of company. They are needed to consider the whole life cycle costing such as their maintenance, their peration, their initial acquisition, and other factor which can give more information to decision maker to make the better decision. This report sets out to address what LCC, why LCC, when LCC, how LCC use on the manufacturing industry. The aim is to provide a clear understanding toward life cycle costing in theory and practise.FINDINGS 1 Life Cycle Costing Life cycle costing is estimates and accumulated costs over a product's entire life cycle in order to determine whether the profits earned during the manufacturing phase will cover the cost incurred during during the pre- (upstream) and post- (downstream) stage. By understand on how to identifying the cost incurred during the different stage of product life cycle, it might help the manager to manage t he total costs incurred throughout its life cycle.In addition, life cycle costing is also helps managements deeply understanding the cost consequences of developing and making a product and to identify area in which may cost reduction effective. The process of Live Cycle Costing involves: l. Assessing costs arising from an asset over its life cycle. Asset life cycle consist of various phase which are planning, acquisition, managing, distribution, and disposition. Though the asset life cycle, all the cost arising from each phase must be estimated at the earlier stage to facilitate in the cost reduction.The acquirer should consider all relevant cost because it is not only about the initial investment and acquisition cost, but all cost occurred over the anticipated life cycle of the assets. II. Evaluating alternative that have an effect on the cost of ownership. The comparisons of asset alternative whether it is at the concept or detailed design level should be evaluate in order to ach ieve better outcomes from the assets. Each alternative may have different pros and cons. Selecting unfriendly alternative may affect all the cost incurred during the period of ownership.Therefore, a thorough evaluation shall be made to avoid unwanted circumstances. For example, the mobile phone industry such as Nokia, Samsung, HTC and other is a fast moving product. Life cycles are short, mobile phone manufacturers spent lots of money on R;D and they have to recover these costs in a short period of time. This explains why newly released mobile phones are sold at such high prices. 1. 2) Reason for use Life Cycle Costing l. Comparison of asset alternatives to achieve better outcome from asset. Each asset lternatives should be evaluated so that it will assess the risk and benefit on every alternatives.A strategize development and implementation of plans and programs for the assets should be done to ensure that the assets operational objectives are achieved at optimum cost. II. Essentia l in determination of cost in the asset management process. It is important to identifying the cost in the asset management process whether the asset should be acquired, upgraded, maintained, or disposed of. It will serve a framework on how the asset will be acquired; planning for the upgrade and maintenance and disposal process will be managed. Ill. As managers' tools in asset.An effective asset manager' tools will help in delivering company objective effectively and efficiently. In addition, the manager's tools will be helps by systematic tools like economic appraisal, financial appraisal, value management, risk management and demand management in weighing up the costs and benefits, risks, objective, revenues and expenditures. ‘V. Enables the decision maker to balance the performance, reliability, maintain abilities and other goals against life cycle costs. In order to achieve the outcomes that reflect performance, reliability and ability, the proper planning, allocation of ogether. . 3) It can be used in three stages Life cycle costing should be applied when there are three stages: l. The conceptual stage: This is the stage when the initial proposal for investments is being considered. It is to estimate the future cost and provision to be made over the life of the assets. For example, the different type and designs of machine to increase the sales production for the manufacturing industry. II. The acquisition stage. This is the stage where the supplier for the assets is being assessed. It is to assist in the selection of the most cost-effective option. Ill. The service stage.The stage of decision making on whether to maintain, improve or dispose of the assets. It is to improve the cost effectiveness of the production as well as to improve the specification of future assets. For example, when automotive manufacturing products their car product, they are improving their quality of car. So that to ensure the customer still keeps loyalty to buy their car for future. 1. 4) Estimate Life Cycle Costing The formula to calculate the life cycle costing: Life Cycle Costing = Capital Cost + Life Time Operating Cost + Life Time Maintenance Costs + Disposal Cost – Residual Value Product Life Cycle PhasesFigure 1 illustrates the relationship between costs committed and costs incurred in the life cycle costing. It involves three stages of a product's life cycle, the planning and design stage, the manufacturing stage and the service and distribution stage. Committed or locked-in costs are costs have not been incurred currently but that will be incurred in the future after the decision basis has been made. Costs are incurred when a resource is sacrificed or used. A system of costing is the record cost only had been done when they have been incurred.Furthermore, the costs that have been committed are difficult to be alter. The pattern of cost commitment and incurrence will vary based on the industry and specific product introduced. During t he planning and design stage, the cost management can be most effectively exercised compared to the manufacturing stage when the product design and processes have already identified and costs have been committed. At the post sales service and distribution phase, its focus more on cost containment than cost management. 1. 4. 2) Life Cycle Costing Model The information should be obtained before selecting a model.This is to ensure that the analysis can be made. Evaluation should be made in considering the applicability f all cost factors, empirical relationship, constants, elements and variables. Life cycle costing model should: l. Represent the characteristic of the asset being analyzed. It includes the intended use environment, maintenance concept, operating and maintenance support scenarios and any constraints and limitations. II. Comprehensive to include and highlight the relevant factors to the Life Cycle Costing asset. Ill.Easy to understand in order to permit timely decision mak ing, future updates and ‘V. Evaluate the specific Life Cycle Costing elements independently of other costing elements. 1. 4. ) Life Cycle Costing Breakdown into Asset Cost Some element need to be identified in Life Cycle Costing. This is because it requires the breakdown of the asset into its part of cost elements over time. The elements that should be considered are: l. Significant amount of cost that generate components of activity. II. Time in the life cycle when conducting the activity. Ill.Resources cost categories that relevant such as material, labor, overhead, transportation and others. 1. 4. 4) Benefits of Life Cycle Costing The benefits the manager can gain from Life cycle costing are: I. Planning and analysis of alternative solutions. It is to serve a framework to document and compare the alternatives to achieve significant cost benefits. Life cycle costing concept will give earlier actions to produce revenue or to lower costs. II. Selection of preferred alternative s. The decision maker can use the information for the selection process with the life cycle costing analysis.Better decision should follow from more realistic and accurate assessment of cost and revenue. Ill. Securing funding. The comparison between the alternatives that have different cash flow patterns over time is important. This is because there are corporate cash lows issues that need to be considered. Life cycle costing analyses provide a basis for projecting cash requirements. ‘V. Review. The life cycle costing can serve confirmation of the reliability of the life cycle costing model. Besides, the credibility of future life cycle costing plans can be achieved. . 4. 5) Life Cycle Costing Process Life cycle costing involves six stages which are: Stage 1: Plan Life Cycle Costing The documentation of the plan needs to be done at the beginning to serve a framework of life cycle costing. This plan must be review to ensure the plan has been interpret correctly and address clea rly. Stage 2: Select or Develop Life Cycle Costing Model All relevant categories of cost that will happen in phases of life cycle should be identified. Select a method for estimating the associated cost and develop the estimates.Stage 3: Apply Life Cycle Costing Model Life cycle costing model need to be validated and obtain the model results from each relevant combinations and support scenarios defined in the analysis plan. Stage 4 : Document and Review Life Cycle Costing Results The documentation of the results should be done to ensure the users understand clearly the results and affects of the analysis along with the constraints and Stage 5 : Prepare Life Cycle Costing Analysis Life cost analysis used to control and manage the ongoing costs of assets or part thereof.It involves review and development of the life cycle costing model asa cost control mechanism. Stage 6 : Implement and Monitor Life Cycle Costing Analysis Life cycle costing should have a continuous monitoring of the a ctual performance of an asset during its operations and maintenance and to provide feedback for future reference. 1. 4. 6) Application to industry For pharmaceutical products, the product life cycle is becoming shorter and shorter s new products keep being developed for the market demand purposes.It is not surprising that new drugs are being sold at very high prices. For example, drugs which are used to fght cancer in targeted therapy can cost a patient on average RM 20,000 to RM 200,000 per month. Again, the life cycle is short (or uncertain), and pharmaceutical companies need to pay back the initial costs in R&D in a short period making high prices necessary. You can imagine how much the companies need to pay for a team of top tier scientists who have been working in the laboratory day and night for many years while developing the drug.Finally, as a short revision on life cycle costing, suppose a new cancer curing drug XXX is expected to have sales of 100,000,000 units in the comi ng 10 years. The selling price is targeted at RM 1,000 per unit. R&D is RM 10,000,000,000, design cost is RM manufacturing cost RM marketing RM distribution costs another RM 100,000,000 and finally customer service RM 50,000,000. Find the life cycle profit for XXX as follow: RM Millions Sales Design Manufacturing Distribution Marketing Customer service Life cycle profit 1 oo,ooo (10,000) (500) (1000) (100) (50) 88,250 The life cycle profit is RM 88,250 million (or RM 88,250,000,000).It is for 10 years and thus on average every year the profit is RM 8,825 million which is quite normal for leading pharmaceutical companies. It can be seen that the total life cycle cost is RM 11,750 million and RM 10,000 million (or 85. 1%) spent on R&D. Life Cycle Costing can be conclude as key asset management tool which takes into account the whole of life implication on the asset starting from the cost planning, acquiring, operation maintaining and disposing. It assist in analyse not only the cost o f acquiring an asset but also the costs over an asset's life like long-term operational nd maintenance costs.In addition, it will be the guidance on how long term strategic planning process, analysis, evaluation and decision making process towards the asset managements. The best expected outcome can be managed if all the relevant cost and benefits over life span of an asset is taking into account. Lastly to overall cost involve in owning, operating and maintaining an asset from the initial planning up till disposal. Thus, selecting the best alternative in order to minimize the possible cost incurred and maximizes the potential savings that can be made.

Ideation techniques on green hotels with potential,profiling of green Literature review

Ideation techniques on green hotels with potential,profiling of green hotels and environmental impacts on green hotels - Literature review Example The most neglected area for the small and medium scale enterprises while using the ICT is the environmental sustainability in the various business activities (Cobanoglu, 2010; Ruiz-Molina, Gil-Saura and Moliner-Velazquez, 2010). Estimations suggests that 75 percent of the environmental impacts done by the hotels are due to the excessive consumption of water, energy, non durable goods and various types of waste emission released into soil, water and air. Therefore, the hotels should think about ways that may reduce these environmental impacts and also make the stakeholders and customers aware of this fact. Some of the recent studies have suggested from the perspective of the guest, the importance of green practices in hotels (Han, et al., 2011; Lee, et al., 2010). The first study suggested that the hotel should design effective communication strategies that would highlight their green services and products regarding the development of green positioning strategy and green image. The co nsumers while going with their lodging decision often gives importance to such factors. The main motive was that the consumers thought that by choosing a green hotel they are contributing towards saving of the green environment for their children. It has been stated in the second study that going green also provides marketing advantage, especially in understanding the attitudinal profile of the customers towards eco-friendliness. The eco-friendly hotels that use material, water and energy efficiently along with providing quality services are termed as â€Å"green hotels†. They harmonize environmental sustainability and tourism. The businesses that are environmentally responsible are maintaining a good place in the new found popularity for ecotourism. The hotels are seen to be getting greener consistently. 2. Benefits of Green Hotel A specific mindset and flamboyance is represented to the existing and the potential customers by the Green hotels. As suggested by the global tren ds since 1990s the hospitality industry has seen the commencement of environmental conscious product and services. Studies have suggested that hotel guests are seen to be more inclined towards the green hotels and are motivated towards preserving the natural environment not only for their future generation and children but also for their well-being. These factors are also found to reflect the reason for brand choice (Lee, et al., 2010). The word ‘green’ has different implication on the various stakeholders and more particularly the consumers of the hotel. The environmental practices followed by the hotels are different from that of the corporate practices that are engaged for incorporating the environmental standards. However, the consumers are seen to have a different level of trust on the perception based on intimation and engagement of commercial branding. Branding is very critical factor in case of hospitality industry. Branding is different for the green hotels as compared to other commercial, domestic or international hotels. The branding of the green hotel is rare and this provides them with the differentiation and provides the customers with different type of experience. Moreover, some of the customers are seen to be inclined towards the eco-friendly property in their holidays due to the personal and environmental commitment. The green hotels effectively preserve and conserve by means of

Privacy as a Basic Individual Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Privacy as a Basic Individual Right - Essay Example However, privacy runs through out the constitution in the 27 amendments. Regardless of the purpose of the act or legislation, it has an effect on the privacy of an individual. (Yero, 2006). Most scholars of the law interpret the ninth amendment to mean that certain rights of the individual though not exclusively described in the bill of rights need to be protected. The privacy right, therefore, extends to anonymity, security and bodily integrity. Dignity and respect are the fundamental principles that define the need for privacy. To argue my point, I will look at a controversial aspect of human beings that is life and death. The controversy of life and death in regard to invasion or restriction to privacy can be seen in the following situations; prisoners on death row, euthanasia, abortion and termination of medical treatment. Euthanasia: this is the intentional inducement of death at the request of the victim (person dying). Persons seek euthanasia because they need to be relieved f rom dire pain or want a dignified exit from the world if they are for instance in a gross, non reversible state. In past cases, the courts gave rulings in support of rule utilitarian utterly disregarding act utilitarian. However, the interference of human rights activities in the situation has led to considerations on the matter (McDougall, 2008). Case study: Britain, 1992, Dr Cox faced prosecution for allegedly performing Euthanasia. The patient, Mrs. Boyes, aside from being terminally ill was in excruciating pain. To end her suffering, she requested her doctor to end her life. During court proceedings, the argument on whether or not the patient had the right to request death and the doctor’s jurisdiction on the matter took centre stage. The prosecution argued that the patient was in pain, making delusional and, therefore, prone to make life threatening decisions. In response to this claim, the family said the patient was sane hence her decision to choose death instead of li ving in pain. From the above case, the question of personal liberties springs up. Do individuals have the personal liberty to take their own life at will? Are there exceptional circumstances where the law allows an individual to die? The patient wanted to die with dignity, she also expected her doctor to respect her decision to die and finally, to maintain her bodily integrity. Closer home; there is the Quinlan vs. Missouri State case. In 1975, Ann Quinlan went into a coma that reduced her to a vegetative state. Her parents legally took up the role of making decisions for her. Ann’s parents were Catholics (privacy of beliefs, 1st Amendment) (Yero, 2006) in which case they believed in the sanctity of life but not in living by support of artificial means. In view of this, they decided that Ann should not be on life support machines. The state challenged the parents stand, but the courts ruled in favor of Ann’s parents, therefore, respecting their religious stand. Contrad ictions: Jurisdictions impinge upon an individual’s right to privacy on the matter of life and death. The American law describes mercy killings as criminal homicide despite personal liberties. So where is the contradiction? The state of Oregon for instance passed the assisted suicide and Death with Dignity Act making euthanasia a personal liberty. In Texas, the Advance Directives Act Section 166.046 affords medical and health care facilities the right to terminate life-sustaining treatment in cases where continued treatment is futile. Therefore, in

Marketing and globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing and globalisation - Essay Example However, such of re-appropriation mainly came into lime-light in case of Yoga. As a result, blending of the cultural practices of yoga of one place with another presented an inventive look to it, which is highly preferred and accepted by the citizens of modern age. However, by doing so, the cultural traditions and behaviours or attitudes of the individual of diverse culture might also be realised that may prove effective in reducing the rate of conflicts and clashes (Ritzer, 2007, pp. 912-923). Hence, such type of cultural acculturation or re-appropriation helps in enhancement of interpersonal relationships among the citizens of diverse culture and countries thereby improving the intensity of tolerance and frankness among the citizens. According to Howes (2007), values and ideas of consumer culture is extremely difficult to measure or determine. This is because these are hypothetical in nature and may be analysed or evaluated only by their acceptable nature. This means, if the norms or ideas or traditions of any culture is preferred or liked by any immigrant or individual of diverse culture, then it may be calculated by his or her behaviours or attitudes as stated by the theory of consumer acculturation (Howes, 2007, pp. 178-190). As a result of a theory of consumer acculturation, most of the citizens are accepting or preferring the blended forms of technology, cultural practices, products, manufacturing techniques, (Klien, 2000, pp. 223-234) marketing or promotional ideas and many others (Brenkert, 2008, pp. 123-134). For example: Yoga is considered as a rational set of practices develop in order to enhance religious or holy enlightenments. Yoga is performance in order to reduce the idea of ignorance thereby enha ncing the inner confidence and trust. By doing so, the impact of spiritualism enhances that improves the inner morale and buoyancy of the individual. However, in modern age, the concept or

JR Face to Face street art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JR Face to Face street art - Essay Example JR Face to Face street art Starting his art career from the streets of Paris, the work of JR has often challenges the wide perceptions of images propagated by advertising channels and the media. He seeks to combine art and action dealing with commitment as well as identity and limits. He has been described differently by different people.   Fabrice Bousteau  introduces him as the figure already being regarded as Cartier-Bresson of the 21st century. He began his art career as a teenage graffiti artist who was pulled by the passion and interested in making a mark in the society rather than the interest of changing the world. His work then targeted conspicuous places like rooftops, subways, train and sidewalks and framed them so that they would not be confused with advertising. At the age of 17, he and his friends after finding a camera begun taking photographs and pated them on walls in a bid to send certain messages to the people. His biggest intention of doing art in a large scale was basically to influenc e people to change the world. The particularly aimed at changing the perceptions of the people and their thoughts in order to create a better society, which people are mindful of one another. Without any payment, JR and his friends started out in different cities around the world taking photographs and pasting them on building walls.In the period between 2004 and 2006, he created what is commonly referred to as the portrait of a generation, a project that included young people who were included in the housing program. In large format, he pasted these pictures in large format of walls of houses and commercial buildings in order to bring art closer to the people who do not visit the museums. Initially, it was deemed illegal, but was later legalized and when the City of Paris put his photos on buildings2. Project face to face was meant to bring the true identity of the true Israelis and Palestinians by putting photos of different people face to face. In eight cities of Palestine and Is rael, Marco and JR took the initiative of painting the pictures. While some of the people opposed the move especially the authorities, most of them were excited and supported their work. They volunteered to be photographed and allowed them to paste their pictures anywhere they wanted. In the project, they were constrained with resources. They had no money, and relied heavily on well-wishers3. They got two ladders, which were very old and rusty, a single camera and 20,000 feet of paper. The project however was a big success. They managed to photograph different kinds of people who did different kinds of work. From taxi drivers to cooks, carpenters and teachers, they sought to include all kinds of people in any profession. At one point they put two photographs of a Palestinian and an Israeli and asked people to tell the difference of who was who. By drawing reference to two photographs from the project, this paper will look at the face to face project, comparing them using their simil arities and differences and try to evaluate the impact they had on the people. More importantly however, it will seek to answer the question as to whether JR and his six friends succeeded in their mission. Were they successful in proving that what is perceived to be impossible could be possible? During the whole project, JR and his friends were dedicated to prove to the world that all people were similar regardless of

ECON ASSIGN 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECON ASSIGN 1 - Assignment Example With the nation experiencing a recession and government over spending its annual allocations, the only choice that was left for survival was borrowing. The plan was effective in enabling the nation get through the recession. Another advantage of deficit spending is the fact that a nation or household is enabled to invest loan money and also benefit from the profits made from borrowing. In an argument by Baumol (2005) deficit spending allows a nation to create investment opportunities that are not included in the budget. The author further points out that the investment has potential of repaying its debt and creating a surplus. Baumol (2005) points out that deficit spending put future generations in debt that they did not benefit from. Large deficits spent may take years for them to be repaid. For years, the borrowed money may be used for investment which the current government may use the profits for other financial purposes. For this reason, the debts may be recurring for generation to generation. Deficit spending may also minimize the level o loan allocation for private organizations. Seater (2008) points out that, large borrowing from the government may reduce the rate at which investors and financial institutions offer the same services to private business entities. The crowding effect refers to the creation of financial and other resources deficits after over utilization by the government. Seater (2008) crowding out enables the government to be the only market determinant as private organizations does not have je opportunity to access financial and other resources. However, crowding out effect may also create investment opportunities in the market. The jap created by large borrowings provide an opportunity by wealthy private investor to capitalize on the situation. In analyzing the pros and cons of deficit spending, it is an

My Ethical System and Its Justification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

My Ethical System and Its Justification - Essay Example Faith is good because it serves as an unseen yet strong force that compels me to reject evil and choose good. Prudence is good, because it helps me become wiser. Justice is good, because it brings harmony to society as it ensures fairness. When everything is fair, resentment and retaliation could hardly win, which results to peace and order, thus making people’s lives happy and contented. Compassion is good because it awakens our responsibility to care for others. An act that could also help others becomes better persons. The more this world has better persons, the better place this world will be. Humility is good because it frees me from guilt and makes me feel good. Self-control is good because it restrains me from my ill desires while realigns me to what I ought to be. Fortitude is good because it gives me the strength to stand for what is right, whatever the consequence. And hope is good because it keeps me does what is good even in darkest hours. ... My philosophy resembles that of Aristotle’s Nichomachean ethics, which belief is that man ought to live a virtuous life to achieve genuine happiness (Pakaluk 49). We similarly share this belief added to the fact that we both believe in the four cardinal virtues that define what is good. However, unlike Aristotle’s, I believe that added to the four cardinal virtues, which speaks for intellectual virtue, emotional virtue, volitional virtue, and social virtue, there is a need for spiritual virtue like faith – the strongest weapon man can hold onto. II. Justifying my ethical system My ethical system is grounded on my belief that man’s being – as being the master creation and the highest form of creation – must live a virtuous life. This is what differentiates man from animals; this is the way by which man can achieve the task to which his/her being rests – the steward of creation. In man lies the progress and doom of the world; in man lies the future of humanity. The world can only be a happy place to live in if man truly lives a virtuous life, because by living a virtuous life, as defined above, man is not only able to better his/her self, but is also giving others the opportunity to see the difference between good and evil. Thus they can have an enlightened choice. Moreover, it is only in living a virtuous life that man can bring harmony to society and to humanity, thereby achieving genuine happiness in life. It is no secret that what make life in this world miserable and what makes this world chaotic are man’s evil ways, as most are blinded with power, fame, material gratification and selfishness. Man’s evil ways is also dehumanizing – something that is against man’s

The Nature of Rebellion in Antigone Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Nature of Rebellion in Antigone Play - Essay Example Apparently, religion appears as a strong theme in the play since the main character is committed to rebellious actions since the beginning of the play to the end. All through the play, Antigone evidently appeared to be intimidating the status quo. She uses the divine law to defend her actions, however, her faith lies in the position of discerning power of individual conscience. Antigone says, â€Å"I dared. It was not God’s proclamation. That final Justice that rules the world below makes no such laws†. Here Antigone is using divine laws as to defend her actions and not acknowledging any of the state laws. She is expressing believe on her individual conscience by even sacrificing her life to the principles greater than human law. The events after the death of Polyneices also expressed how individual principles were against the law. Ismene had revealed very crucial information and Antigone feels it was not important to be mentioned. With the death of the brother, girls were taken away into the house and Antigone feels that it was wrong. Creon believes that men were made to be tough and strong, girls are married and take women†™s places in homes. These are laws that do not exist anywhere in divine or state but rather they are crafted from individual context and may rebel the demands of the state laws. All along the play, Antigone was rebellious to Creon ideas. Antigone chooses to abide by God’s laws rather than those of the state and that makes Antigone’s actions to be disputable. She believes that the decision to follow her individual conscience was the right decision she made. However, the most interesting thing is that although she rebels the state, her decisions respected the gods.

Positioning and Differentiation Paper - Health Care Marketing Research

Positioning and Differentiation - Health Care Marketing - Research Paper Example The main objective of the paper is to identify the positioning and differentiation strategies of two healthcare organizations i.e. Cascade Valley Hospital & Clinics and Overlake Hospital Medical Center. The study will also endeavor at finding similarities and differentiating aspects between the two healthcare organizations. Differentiation and Positioning Strategies of Overlake Hospital Medical Center Overlake Hospital Medical Center is a nonprofit regional medical centre that provides its patients with highly developed medical related services. The organization is monitored by a Board of Directors. The company has nearly 2500 employees and has nearly 1000 active as well as courtesy physicians as the workforce (Overlake Hospital, 2012). It can be mentioned that innumerable strategies are employed by the healthcare organizations in order to keep themselves competitive. Overlake Hospital Medical Center situated at Belluvue has commenced a cardiac blog. Through this cardiac blog, the or ganization aims at educating the patients regarding the methods through which heart diseases can be prevented (Overlake Hospital, 2012). ... s been created in order to attract, retain and thus ensure that all the parties involved are satisfied with the policies and the strategies of the company. The company has positioned itself as a liaison between nursing, administration along with human resources, foundation and community in order to collectively influence the resources, associations and policies so that Overlake Hospital can be placed as one of the most preferred hospitals/employers in the domestic market as well as abroad. Health Grades have offered Overlake Hospital with five-star designation on numerous grounds. Overlake Hospital offers high quality of care and support to the patients who are suffering from cancer as well as other emergencies. The integrated cancer care team of the hospital generally has one objective which is to offer the patients suffering from cancer with expert care that has been customized to the unique requirements of each of the patients. The trademark of quality care is compassion, skilled care as well as speed at Overlake’s new Emergency & Trauma Center. The unit is considered to be the only Level III trauma centre on the Eastside (KMPG, 2011). It has been observed that the hospital offers care without charge and at reduced rates to the patients who are capable of qualifying for charity care as per the rules and the regulations of the hospital. During the year 2010 and 2011, the cost of charity was nearly US$5561000 and US$4507000 respectively (KMPG, 2011). Overlake Hospital as a part of its differentiation strategy offers care to the Medicaid patients at a price which is quite below the cost of offering the services. The hospital is also involved in numerous other activities in order to maintain competitive advantage. It has been apparent that the company is involved in

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Example for Free

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Introduction I. When the final exams, many student will push themselves to study and do not care about their surroundings. II. This means infinite hours of studying, insufficient amounts of sleep, and irregular diet and exercise. The end result problems are occurs, high sickness rates amongst college students. III. Staying illness-free during the final exam season is not easy feat, but is vital in order to maximize performance. IV. Today I will to introduce you to three ways how to keep healthy during exam Comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy eat, and have enough sleep and rest. (Transition: Let’s start by looking at comfortable place, time and body.) Body I. A comfortable place, time and body can help you to focus and can avoid stress when you are studying. A. Make a study time table and follow it. Â  i. Set aside time for friends, family and other activities but you must have your own time table. ii. You must know what you must to do during your weekdays and weekends. Make sure not wasting your time. B. Besides that, have a study space will help you a lot. i. Find somewhere that you are able to go and do your assignment and study in peace and quiet. ii. Find somewhere space you will comfortable with it, because some students have their own ways. C. Take your own break and not push yourself. i. It possible if you are can study without taking some break to release your tension and relaxed your mind. ii. The reason for that is to give your mind a rest and peace. (Transition: Like comfortable place, time and body, keep healthy eat are also the way to stay healthy during examination.) II. Besides that, you must keep your healthy diet during examinations. You must take some food even though you are do not have enough time. A. Find and eat healthy food. i. Find something that can help your brain more active and developed your good memories. ii. Take time away from study to eat, and put your healthy first. B. Be active and do not pressure your brain. i. Go out and do something active, such as go walk, jog or a run. It is can make your brain more active and release your tension. ii. If your mental are healthy, it will lead your mind in peace. (Transition: Now that we have looked at comfortable place, time and body and keep healthy eat, let’s turn to have enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that you get an enough sleep time and rest during in examinations week. A. Sleep time is more important because it will help your body and brain rest. i. Nowadays, many students do not care about their sleep time. Almost all students like to stay up during a night. ii. Without sleep you will be tired, irritable and cranky. B. Cut down the caffeine. i. It means that, many students like to take caffeine to prevent them from sleepy and want to stay up during a night. ii. It also disrupts your sleep patterns. Conclusion I. As we have seen, health is more important to us and we must keep our healthy with a true ways. II. I have focused on comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy diet and have an enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that, you as a student have be healthy during your exam. You just wasted your time if you not keep your body health. Bibliography Linda Formichelli (2012). Expert strategies for staying healthy at college. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/expert-strategies-staying-healthy-at-college Tasha Giuda (2011, December 14). Top tips to stay healthy during exam season. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.foxnews.com/fncu/current-interns/blog/2011/12/14/top-tips-stay-healthy-during-exam-season Siobhan (2012, October 25). Staying healthy during exams. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://siobhanb.blogspot.com/2012/09/staying-health-during-exams.html

Impact of Human Activity on Migratory Activity

Impact of Human Activity on Migratory Activity Bird migration and the impact of human activity on migratory activity Migration is the movement made by animals between two separate locations on a regular basis for the purpose of accessing resources provided by these different sites (Alcock, 2013). [2]Migration is a common process throughout the entire animal kingdom. For example, there is the migration of the Monarch butterfly[3] across North America (Brown and Chippendale, 1974), the Atlantic salmons journey from river to ocean (Hansen, 1993), the marine turtles epic movement from feeding ground to breeding ground (Morreale et al., 1996) and finally there is our own species[4] migration across national and international borders. The focus of this discussion[5] however is the migration of Birds; most specifically looking at how, why and when they migrate and focusing on what exactly our impact as humans has on this very important phenomenon in the life cycle of many bird species.          Defining how migration first occurred   involves looking back over the history of migratory species and finding an evolutionary origin to the migratory lifestyle. In actual fact migration has evolved on several different occasions within the class Aves as shown in figure 1 which looks at the separate origins of migration within the family Turdidae[6]. The multiple evolutionary origins of migration suggest that there are numerous reasons as to why adopting a lifestyle that involves moving between different areas is advantageous to a species (Outlaw et al., 2003). With any adaptation, there must be a selection pressure forcing a species to develop a new strategy to be successful (Williams, 2008). In the case of bird migration, the seasonal variability of primary resources is a major driving factor for migrating but the changing climate conditions throughout the year is also one of the main benefits of being able to migrate [7](Alerstam, 2003). Birds can be long distance migrators, such as the Sooty shearwater, a sea bird that migrates approximately 64,000 km in 260 days with an daily travel distance of 900km (Schaffer et al., 2006). This heroic migration between North America and New Zealand is one of the largest migrations by a bird. In contrast the Spotted Owls of the Sierra Nevada have been observed to be altitude migrators, of short distance migrators, as they have a wintering site which is between 0.6-1.0 km closer to sea level than their usual nesting ground (Bias and Gutierrez, 1992). The comparisons between the journeys made by these two birds shows how two different environmental pressures can lead to the same solution. The long distance migrators[8] were driven to travel across continents due to the need to find a sustainable food source in changing seasonal conditions while the altitudinal migrators are driven to move based on climatic conditions[9] (Jenni and Kery, 2003). If migrating offers species a richer su pply of resources and a more favourable environment to survive in then why do only some species of birds migrate? As with many things in the natural world migration has its costs as well as its benefits, the costs and risks associated with migration are so high that not every species is adapted, nor needs to undertake the challenges migration creates. In order to travel such distances individuals need to be able to store resources by carrying extra weight leading up to the migration. This store must then be accessed during the flight meaning the individual must be able to alter their metabolism to store and release fats efficiently [10](Jenni and Jenni-Eiermann, 1998). Finally the risk of death during this journey is high as there many factors at play in the success of making the trip. The final aspect of migration is how species successfully manage to navigate from one location to another regardless of distance. There are three means of orientating observed in birds and they are pilotage, compass orientation and true navigation (Alcock, 2013). Pilotage is common in species such as homing pigeons where landmarks are used as navigational cues (Mehlhorn and Rehkà ¤mper, 2009). These landmarks could be environmental, such as rivers or forests but can also be artificial, in particular tall buildings and major roads. Migrating from one location to another without the use of cues requires a species to have a compass orientation and understanding of which direction it needs to travel to reach the location. An experiment done on the migratory European Robin showed that they can orientate using geomagnetic cues through a sense that is localised to the right eye (Wiltschko et al., 2002). True navigation is when a species has the ability to navigate towards the home location without any navigational cues and regardless of the direction (McFarland, 1999). [11]Having summarised the integral mechanisms behind migration I will now spend the remainder of this discussion focusing on what our impact as humans is on the migration of birds. Human interference on the animals we share the earth with is becoming an increasingly more serious problem. The effect we have on terrestrial migratory species may seem obvious as land use expands into new, wild territories but our effect on birds as they migrate through the power of flight is somewhat more complex. There are many factors that contribute to how we disrupt the migratory routes, territories and even the birds themselves. In parts of southern Europe and Northern Africa the illegal[12] shooting and netting of birds has become an increasingly popular industry. In Egypt 700km of nets are put up along the coastline designed to trap thousands of migrating passerine birds such as willow-warblers, red-backed shrikes and barn swallows all of which are illegal to catch under the national law (Salama, 2016). Recently there has been a strong push for the local authorities within Egypt to enforce the regulations that are in place as these nets are positioned to intersect with one o f the major migratory flyways from Africa to Eurasia as shown in Figure 2 where the area in question is within region 2. This area is not only targeted by nets in North Africa but many southern European countries such as France and Spain also engage in similar practices involving illegal netting.   In Italy, particularly in the Sicily region, shooting of birds is a common sport when migrators are making their journey to warmer climates in Africa. Unlike the mist netting practices, game hunting is legal to permit holders and the Italian authorities allow the 710,000 hunters to shoot 30 birds a day over a 2 month period (CABS, 2015).   A case against illegal hunting of birds has recently reached EU law regarding the trapping and commercial caging of birds in Malta. Many of the birds targeted are rare or protected species such as the endangered Pallid Harrier, the Purple heron and the Turtle dove (Raine et al., 2015). While the fight against illegal hunting and shooting o f these birds is ongoing, the effects of these activities in undoubtedly having a negative impact on their success. Migrating to breeding grounds that are better equipped with resources and protection should be an adaptation for success in these species. Instead they are being illegally hunted, trapped and shot while en route over this area resulting in a much lower number of birds successfully reaching breeding sites. Undoubtedly this seriously damages population size [13]of these European migrators and puts increasing strain on the challenging journey they make twice every year (Hirschfeld and Heyd, 2005). This particular study by Hirschfeld and Heyd (2005) reports that hunters are legally allowed to kill just 24 species of European native birds however a total of 82 different species were recorded to have been hunted that year. Despite the obvious illegal activity being done there is still a relaxed enforcement of these regulations across Europe and North Africa and widespread di sagreement around how to resolve the problems we, as humans, are causing. The current population of humans on earth is 7.5 billion with an annual growth so far, from January March 2017 is nearly 17 million (World population clock, 2017). As the global populations increase so to do food demands and a pressure to convert unused land into cropland or an expansion of existing urban regions. This unfortunately leads to widespread deforestation as the need for space increases on a daily basis (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011). Deforestation is threatening the ecosystem in which many migratory birds depend on. The cloud forest in Central America is under threat due to increases in forest conversion[14]. Many of the birds species in this region are altitudinal migrators and rely on the cloud forest for breeding (Cox, 2010)[15]. That is a very localised example of how deforestation is impacting migration but on a much wider scale the destruction of tropical and deciduous forests has a huge impact on birds migrating between the two tropics. The American Redstart, a smal l passerine bird, winters in the Caribbean, South America and Central America before migrating north to North America, and Canada to breed (Sherry Holmes 1997). Breeding success in these birds depends on the quality of both the wintering and breeding habitat and disruption to tropical forests in South and Central America and to deciduous forests in North America has influenced the reproductive success of breeding pairs in these regions (Norris et al., 2004). Deforestation is not the only interference to habitat we are causing, our need to continuously change landscapes so as they are better suited to our increasingly more developed societies is impacting many important habitats for migratory birds.[16] Conversion of open land [17]into man made developments can lead to many environmental disruptions. One case that I have a personal interest in[18] is the proposed development of a new dual carriageway between Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland. While there is widespread agreement that the existing A6 road has seen an increase in use over the past 10 years (Johnston, 2016) the proposed route of the new road has been highly controversial. The area in question is[19]shown in Figure 3 and the proposed route passes straight through sensitive land that is used by Whooper Swans wintering in Northern Ireland. According to the RSPB Whooper Swans are an amber list species due to their small population and limited breeding areas. The swans migrate to the UK from Iceland to winter and this particular area in figure 3 is a highly important habitat for migrating pairs. The fields are flooded regularly by the bordering Lough Neagh and so are a rich feeding habitat for these migrating birds (RSPB). A number of local and national environment agencies and organisations are working with the the Department of Infrastructure to find a compromise that protects this nationally important habitat for the Whooper Swans. While the effect on these swans is yet to be seen as work on the new road is only reaching preliminary stages this year it will undoubtedly cause disruption to these wintering populations in the years to come. While deforestation and urban development is a direct way in which we are destroying habitats of migratory birds an indirect way is through climate change. It is no secret that human activity is massively contributing to the speed at which climate change is occurring and some impacts of this is loss of habitats, reduced food availability and changing season lengths disrupting migration times (Travis, 2003; Bradshaw, 2006; Crick, 2004). In the UK we are seeing a lengthening of seasons[20] meaning birds are arriving earlier and departing later (Sparks and Mason, 2004). While this can be considered a positive for UK bird numbers the migrating species arriving early could be disadvantageous to their need of resources. While the birds may be arriving early due to the changing home[21] territory climate and the extended migratory territory season, food resources often do not sync with this change in habit. What is being observed is an increasingly unsuccessful first brood of early arrivers due to the food supply, whether it is insects or berries, not being available (Harrington et al., 1999). An example of a bird effected by this is the Waxwing, a Northern European and Scandinavian passerine bird that has increasingly been migrating to the UK during winter to access food supplies. This is because with climate change there have been fewer berries in the Northern and Boreal forests forcing the Waxwing to expand their migration further to the UK (Huntley, 2008). [22] One of the most common migratory flyways is from Africa into Europe. Figure 4 shows the different routes the Montagu Harrier uses to get from the Sahel region of Africa across the mediterranean into Europe. While I have already discussed the dangers of migrating across North Africa and Southern Europe regarding hunting, it is the journey across the Sahara desert that I will now be focusing on. The Sahel region is dominated by the Sahara desert with most of the land area being dry, arid land with the outskirts and coastal regions being populated and used for agriculture (Zeng, 2003). However in the decade the Sahel region has been under drought conditions meaning a lot of the once arable, green land is under going desertification, hence why there is a popular notion that the Sahara is expanding (Foley et al., 2003). Travelling across desert is not an easy journey to make. There is limited water, food, roosting sites and the climate is hot and dry. This means that birds such as the Mon tagu harrier (figure 4) or the Garden Warbler, both of which are summer migrants in the UK and Europe, need appropriate energy stores to attempt the journey (Jenni and Jenni-Eiermann, 1998). With this area of desert land expanding it makes the already challenging journey even more demanding on energy stores and as a result many of the smaller passerine birds such as the Garden Warbler are not as successful in migrating across Africa. Most species can not attempt the crossing in still air and require prevailing winds across the desert to aid in flight [23](Barboutis et al., 2011). With climate change set to continue the drought in the Sahel region migrating across this major ecological barrier successfully will become increasingly more challenging with a lot more pressure being put on stop off sites in North Africa and Southern Europe where there is already so much competition and hunting occurring (Trierweiler et al., 2014). Stop off sites [24]are crucial to the success of long distance migrations especially when birds are flying across challenging terrain or resourceless water. These stop off sites tend to be rich habitats that are used by migrants for intensive feeding to re stock fuel supplies for the next leg of the journey (Pomeroy et al., 2006). Common stop off sites are mud flats as they are rich in resources and often have low predation risks as migrants flock together on the shore. Species like the Sandpiper use coastal mudflats as stop over sites and a study observing site selection based on disturbances, predator presence and food abundance was conducted with results showing no preference of site when there are land disturbances or predator presence. The study by Pomeroy et al, (2006) did however provide significant results on site seleciton based on food supply indicating that this is the main purpose of choosing these sites for stop over points. One of the serious impacts of climate change i s rising sea levels and so, low lying coastal areas such as mud flats will gradually becoming permanently flooded as a result (Church and White, 2006). Sadly this means that not only are destination sites being lost but so to are the stopover areas that are essential for long distance migrators. Fighting climate change is one of the biggest environmental challenges we are undertaking. One method of cutting down the global carbon emissions, in an attempt to slow down the greenhouse effect and thus climate change, is increasing the production of renewable energy (Mitchell, 1989). Renewable energy offers clean production of resources that our expanding population demands and wind energy has made significant in roads in many countries. Unfortunately for migrating birds wind turbines are a serious hazard on their already difficult journey. Off shore wind farms are frequently causing disruption to flocks of nocturnal migrators flying across the baltic sea which has a large number of wind farms. A study taking observations of the collision frequency at a german offshore wind farm recorded a total of 442 birds of 21 different species were killed due to direct collision or subsequent death from injury over a one month period (Hà ¼ppop et al., 2006). While renewable energy is an impo rtant step towards fighting climate change, wind farm locations should be planned around major migratory flyways to reduce the impact they have on bird species. It is easy to focus on how we negatively effect migrating birds but it is equally important to highlight the positives. While climate change has resulted in a change in migration times due to longer seasons it also has meant that, particularly in temperate latitudes, there has been an increase in the length of the breeding season (Sparks and Mason, 2004). Small passerine bird that migrate breed in the UK typically have two broods during the breeding season if the food availability and weather conditions are right. However the increase in length of this breeding season has seen a boost in successful 2nd broods wit   some species such as the Reed warbler having as many as 5 broods over one season (Halupka, 2008). This increased success is due to the prolonged food supply allowing the fledglings to heighten their fitness and thus increase their chance of survival to adulthood[25]. However as mentioned previously the success of the longer breeding period is dependent on the migrat ory species arriving at a peak time where resources and weather conditions are adequate to sustain a breeding population (Harrington et al., 1999). Another negative human effect, that can also be deemed a positive, is urbanisation. Many species of migratory birds require navigational cues as means of finding flyways and locations. While in a natural environment these cues can be forests, rivers or mountains, man made structures can also prove to be very useful navigation aids (Kamil and Cheng, 2001). Studies into navigation and route choice of homing pigeons has shown that they choose to follow motorways and railway lines, using entrances and exits to navigate to their home territo[26]ry (Lipp et al., 2004). Finally, the recent initiatives of environmental agencies in the UK, such as the RSPB, to get involved and interact with garden birds has seen the number of households putting out regular bird food rise dramatically (Robb et al., 2008). While supplementary feeding provides our native garden birds, such as coal tits and blue tits, a year long food supply it also provides an invaluable resource for migrating birds. One species in particular that has started to expand its migration distance to include the UK is the Blackcap. While blackcaps were a rare site in UK gardens several decades ago they are now becoming a familiar winter addition to the suburban gardens. In the 1950s ornithologists began to notice this change in migration route, instead of choosing a south westerly migration into Spain, blackcaps have evolved a successful new route into the UK (Plummer et al., 2015). As human activity continues to threaten not just the migration of birds but global biodiversity as a whole, the Blackcaps success story is a welcomed positive of our impact on the world around us. Migration is an important adaptation in the life cycle of birds and allows many species to access resources that are necessary to survival. The evolution of a migratory life style was driven by environmental selection pressures and is now being inhibited by artificial pressures. As human activity becomes increasingly more intrusive on the environment the stress on migrating birds to navigate successfully, journey across challenging conditions and to find suitable territories is becoming ever more difficult. With stricter enforcement on hunting and capturing restrictions in Europe and North Africa the major African to Eurasia flyway could become a much safer route for migrating flocks. While that is something that can be controlled, the rate of population increase of the human race is getting higher and higher and so is the demand to provide resources, both land and food, for the population. If we changed our agricultural industry so that we are producing crops at a much more efficien t rate, the need to cut down forests would lessen and in fact we would preserve rare habitats that are used not just by native species but also visiting migrators. While we are starting to make significant strides into tackling climate change by developing renewable energy sources there is still a lot of room for consideration of environmental preservation. Finally however, it is important to highlight the improvements we are making for migrating birds, while there are only a handful of positive impacts there is room to expand and create a more global effect.[27] References      Ã‚   Alcock, J. (2013). Animal behaviour. 10th ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, pp.Pg. 153-168. Alerstam, T., Hedenstrom, A. and Akesson, S. (2003). Long-distance migration: evolution and determinants. Oikos, 103(2), pp.247-260. Outlaw, D. et al., (2003). Evolution of Long-Distance Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes: A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach. The Auk, 120(2), pp.299-310. Shaffer, S. et al., (2006). Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(34), pp.12799-12802 Bias, M. and Gutierrez, R. (1992). Habitat Associations of California Spotted Owls in the Central Sierra Nevada. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 56(3), p.584. Butler, C. (2003). The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of short-distance migratory birds in North America. Ibis, 145(3), pp.484-495. Jenni, L. and Kery, M. (2003). Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1523), pp.1467-1471. Jenni, L. and Kery, M. (2003). Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1523), pp.1467-1471. Wiltschko, W., Traudt, J., Gà ¼ntà ¼rkà ¼n, O., Prior, H. and Wiltschko, R. (2002). Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird. Nature, 419(6906), pp.467-470. McFarland, D. (1999). Animal behaviour. 3rd ed. Longman Scientific Technical. Mehlhorn, J. and Rehkà ¤mper, G. (2009). Neurobiology of the homing pigeon-a review. Naturwissenschaften, 96(9), pp.1011-1025. Boere, G., Galbraith, C. and Stroud, D. (2007). Waterbirds around the world. 1st ed. Edinburgh Stationery Office. CABS, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.komitee.de/en/projects/italy [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Travis, J. (2003). Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1514), pp.467-473. Raine, A., Gauci, M. and Barbara, N. (2015). Illegal bird hunting in the Maltese Islands: an international perspective. Oryx, 50(04), pp.597-605. HIRSCHFELD, A. A. HEYD (2005): Mortality of migratory birds caused by hunting in Europe: bag statistics and proposals for the conservation of birds and animal welfare. Ber. Vogelschutz 42: 47-74 Worldometers.info. (2017). World Population Clock: 7.5 Billion People (2017) Worldometers. [online] Available at: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Lambin, E. and Meyfroidt, P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), pp.3465-3472. Cox, G. (2010). Bird Migration and Global Change. 1st ed. Washington: Island Press. Chpt 10. SHERRY, T. and HOLMES, R. (1997). American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). The Birds of North America Online. Norris, D., Marra, P., Kyser, T., Sherry, T. and Ratcliffe, L. (2004). Tropical winter habitat limits reproductive success on the temperate breeding grounds in a migratory bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271(1534), pp.59-64. BBC News. (2016). A6 upgrade: Legal challenge to road through Heaney country BBC News. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38094217 [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Hodges, Lindsay. 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Migratory connectivity and population-specific migration routes in a long-distance migratory bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1778), pp.20132897-20132897. Zeng, N. (2003). ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Drought in the Sahel. Science, 302(5647), pp.999-1000. Foley, J. et al., (2003). Regime Shifts in the Sahara and Sahel: Interactions between Ecological

The Benefits Of Breastfeeding

The Benefits Of Breastfeeding Human milk is uniquely engineered for human infants, and is the biologically or natural way to feed infants. Breastfeeding, in comparison to feeding breast milk substitutes such as infant formula, has numerous health benefits. It not only has benefits on children and mothers but the society and economy as well. Introduction One of the most useful and natural steps a mother can take for her children is to breastfeed them. Science has proven remarkable health benefits of breast milk that are passed from mothers to their children. The benefits, from the building of antibodies to protect a newborn at birth to the special nutrients to prevent numerous infancy infections, are countless. No other sole step taken by a mother can so drastically impact the present and future wellbeing of her newborn. Breast milk not only benefits the newborn baby, it also benefits the mother, the society and the environment. In this paper the benefits of breastfeeding for both infants as well as mothers will be stated. Also, I will talk about its benefits to the environment and society. Finally, I will discuss what the United Arab Emirates does in terms of breastfeeding. The benefits of breastfeeding for Infants Nutritional benefits Breast milk is a unique nutritional source that cannot adequately be replaced by any other food. It is ultimately the best source of nutrition for a new baby. Many components in breast milk help protect infants against infection and disease. It contains the perfect combination of proteins, fats, vitamins, and carbohydrates. The proteins in breast milk are more easily digested than in formula or cows milk. The calcium and iron in breast milk are also more easily absorbed. Also, in it are Leukocytes which are living cells that are only found in breast milk. They help fight infection. It is the antibodies, living cells, enzymes, and hormones that make breast milk the perfect choice (Brown, 2008). Immunological benefits Most preemies are at risk for infections that can sometimes be very serious, so immune system benefits are some of the most important benefits of breastfeeding a premature baby can have. Human milk has the ability to protect them against infections and serious diseases. It is protects the infants against serious Infections like Diarrhea and Haemophilus Influenza. Children who are on breast feed experience a lower rate of severe diarrheal disease than children that are given formula milk. In a study conducted on a controlled group of infants (age bracket of less than 6 months), it was observed that newborns on breast feed were noticeably protected against haemophilus influenza, type B disease (Cochi, 1986). Evidence suggests that breast milk can carry particular or non-particular immunities to the newborns respiratory tract which is extremely important in the early days after birth when their immune system is not fully developed. Mothers milk protects the newborn babies against respiratory problems like, breathlessness, wheezing and other infections related to the respiratory tract in the initial four months of their life. Children who are given formula milk experience increased risk for, respiratory problems, severe otitis media along with extended duration of middle ear infections due to immature immune system. Breast milk as well plays a vital role in protecting the infants from the infection of Herpes Simplex virus II. It was also confirmed that breastfeeding babies were less likely to die from SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), the reason being the prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections due to strong immunity developed in them because of breast milk (Allen Hec tor, 2005). To sum up, all these findings of different studies strongly indicate that mothers milk develops and enhances the immune system of the newborn babies especially in the very initial years of their life. Cognitive benefits In addition to the nutritional and immunological benefits of breast milk, breastfeeding may help preemies get ahead intellectually. Breast milk is associated with increases in child cognitive ability and educational achievements. Cognitive development of social and psychomotor skills gains increases with the consumption and duration of breastfeeding. According to Horwood and Fergusson such effects are relatively long lived extending not only throughout childhood but also into young adulthood (1998). Children who consume human milk in early days of their life have a significant higher level of IQ at the age bracket of seven and eight than those kids who did not get their mothers milk (Erterm, 2001). In fact, studies suggest that nutrients present in breast milk may have a significant effect on neurologic development in premature and term infants. Breastfeeding is associated with a 3.16-point higher score for cognitive development compared with formula feeding after adjustment for sign ificant covariates (Anderson et al, 1999)*. Health Benefits to Moms Who Breastfeed The babies are not the only ones who benefit from breastfeeding. Moms also benefit from breastfeeding their premature babies. Breastfeeding not only reduces the risk of breast cancer but also plays a role in preventing endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancers. It reduces the risk of anemia and Protects against health issue related to bones like osteoporosis and hip fractures later in life (Heacock, 1992). It also greatly helps the body of the pregnant women to return to its earlier shape faster, helps in losing the extra weight during pregnancy and also plays a very important role in the contraction of the uterus after delivery to control postpartum bleeding. The fat stores of the body are consumed to produce human milk which can easily burn from five hundred to fifteen hundred calories every day. Breastfeeding the babies also delay the return of fertility and thus provide a natural gap between subsequent pregnancies. It also develops a special bonding and emotional relationship bet ween the mother and the baby (Brown, 2008 Dimes Foundation, 2010). Benefits to the environment and the Society Breastfeeding also has economic advantages; its cheaper than buying formula and helps avoid medical bills later because it helps equip the baby to fight off disease and infection. According to the Unicef financial benefits is associated with breastfeeding. Higher breastfeeding initiation and duration rates would significantly improve the health of a nation. Breastfeeding babies and their mothers are at lower risk of certain illnesses. There are therefore potential cost savings for the wider health care system (2006). In fact, it reduces both direct costs such as clinical or hospital fees and indirect costs such as formula costs (Weimer, 2001). Thus, breastfeeding is also linked to the environment. Breastfeeding the young ones decreases the use of raw material, energy and other resources required in the manufacturing, packing, distributing, promoting and disposing of waste materials of formula milk which ultimately reduces global pollution (Lance, 2007). Breastfeeding in United Arab Emirates Conclusion It is concluded that not a single brand of formula milk can replace the properties and nutrients of breast milk, regardless of the addition of vitamins, supplements and minerals; it is and will essentially stay a chemical formulation. Human milk has nutritional, immunological, and developmental benefits for the child, as well as physiological and emotional benefits for the mother. It also holds several benefits for the environment and society. The United Arab Emirates

Coherence and Epistemic Rationality :: Mathematics Science Theories Papers

Coherence and Epistemic Rationality This paper addresses the question of whether probabilistic coherence is a requirement of rationality. The concept of probabilistic coherence is examined and compared with the familiar notion of consistency for simple beliefs. Several reasons are given for thinking rationality does not require coherence. Finally, it is argued that incoherence does not necessarily involve fallacious reasoning. Most work in epistemology treats epistemic attitudes as bivalent. It is assumed that a person either believes that there is an apple on the table, or that there is not, and that such beliefs must be either warranted or unwarranted. However, a little reflection suggests that it is reasonable to have degrees of confidence in a proposition when the available evidence is not conclusive. The rationality of such judgments, formed in response to evidence, will be my concern here. Degrees of confidence have mainly been discussed by Bayesians as part of a general theory of rational belief and decision. Bayesians claim that rational degrees of confidence satisfy the standard Kolmogorov axioms of probability: 1. Pr(A) = 0 2. If A is a tautology, then Pr(A) =1 3. If A and B are mutually exclusive, then Pr(A v B) = Pr (A) + Pr(B). It should be observed that people do not generally assign point values to propositions, which is required if their degrees of confidence are to conform to the axioms. Moreover, it is doubtful that an assignment of point values to propositions is usually reasonable, since it seems that our evidence rarely justifies such precision. Such vague degrees of confidence can be treated somewhat more realistically, as interval valued, by associating them with sets of probability functions. For simplicity, I will take degrees of belief here as point valued in my discussion here. The claim that degrees of confidence should satisfy the probability axioms is most often defended by appealing to the so-called Dutch Book argument, which was first presented by Ramsey in his famous paper "Truth and Probability". The idea is that degrees of belief that do not satisfy the probability axioms (commonly termed incoherent) are associated with betting quotients that can be exploited by a clever bookie to produce a sure loss. Ramsey held that an agent's degrees of belief can be measured roughly by the bets that she is willing to accept. If they are incoherent, there will be a series of bets, each of which she will be willing to accept, but which are certain to result in a net loss for her.

Danielle Steel’s The Ring - A Blend of Fiction and History Essay

Danielle Steel’s The Ring - A Blend of Fiction and History Can a plot, setting, and characters in a fictitious story be derived from actual historical events and can the two blend together? The unique writing style of Danielle Steel merges true historical events with fiction in a manner that leaves the reader emotionally touched. In her story, The Ring, Steel does not show a partition between fictitious characters and factual historical events. In fact, the two are intertwined so well that the reader can imagine the fictitious characters as real characters during a horrific period of our history, World War II. In fact, historical setting has a very significant impact on this work of fiction. Without the historical setting this story could not take place. The Ring by Danielle Steel follows a chronological order of the emergence of World War II in Germany, bringing along with it economic turmoil, political disorders, and the general insecurity and fear. This particular story is a direct result of history, which Danielle Steel blends very well with fiction. Though the characters are fictitious, they fit perfectly into the historical setting. For instance, Ariana, the protagonist in The Ring, has witnessed firsthand the human-made death and destruction of World War II, just as many victims had seen during the actual war. Even when she goes with her husband, Manfred, to the Opera house, she is reminded that the war is still occurring in Germany. â€Å"Even on Christmas night the war was with them†¦ and in the distance they could hear the bombs†(Steel 164). Ariana has also se en the atrocities as a result of the emergence of the war. For instance, when she is looking for her husband, she comes upon â€Å"a stack o... ...can see past their origins and cherish their country of birth, America. Finally, Danielle Steel has successfully captured the interlaced merger of historical events with fiction. The two flow so naturally in The Ring that it is as if the fictitious characters were real characters in real historical situations. So, the blending of history and fiction comes very much alive in this story, revealing Steel’s creativity that has placed her above most internationally renowned novelists. Works Cited The Ring. By Danielle Steel. Dir. Armand Mastrianni, Perf. Michael York, Jon Tenney, Tim Dekay, James B. Sikking, and Julie Cox. Lifetime Special Presentation, May 27, 2002. Class Film. NJIT. LIT 350-121. Summer Semester, 2002. Steel, Danielle. The Ring. New York: Delacorte Press, 1980.

How Globalization Effects Third World Countries Essay

Globalization refers to the ways in which capital; people, information and culture can now flow back and forth across national borders with a greater ease and greater rapidity than they had before this new phenomenon. Globalization, the growing integration of economies and societies around the world, was a word hardly used only a few years ago and now I doubt if there is a single country in the world where globalization isn’t being discussed. The global spread of the term is evidence that something very new is happening in the world but I’m not saying this new term is beneficial for all. This phenomenon has both positive and negative effects on third world countries but in the end it seems like only one party is benefiting, the rich. † The poor are thus being doubly denied their right to life first when the resources that sustain them are taken away from them in a free trade world, and then when the pollution and waste of the global economy are unequally and unjustly piled on them.† (Global Capitalism p.128)Though globalization has been one of the most hotly debated topics in international economics over the past few years there has been some bright sides. Rapid growth and poverty reduction in China, India, and other countries that were poor 20 years ago, has been a positive aspect of globalization. Another positive attribute according to Thomas l. Friedman, in his book, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, is globalization â€Å"increases the incentives for not making war in more ways than in any previous era in modern history.†Ã¢â‚¬  To begin, it is important to explain the meaning of The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The Lexus refers to technological advancement and growth, where the Olive Tree refers to traditional roots and stability. The basic premise of the book is the conflict between the two within cultures, economies, and individuals and how it if possible, at all, to bring the two camps together.† (Friedman p.31-34)But globalization has also generated significant international opposition over concerns that it has increased inequality and environmental degradation. The proponents of globalization cite numerous benefits to be gained by underdeveloped countries though greater access to the goods and services that transnational companies can provide. Anti-globalization activists, on the other hand, point to many examples in the developing world where globalization has robbed indigenous  populations of traditionally held land or water rights, disrupted cultural and social values, and disturbed lifestyles. Problem StatementWhat I intend to examine in this paper is the comparison trend of capitalism in the late 19th – early 20th century with the trend of globalization today. Explaining that globalization of the world economy has the potential to bring both great benefit and great hardship to third world populations, but like capitalism, globalization without proper checks and balances could become a runaway force, knowing no moral or ethical boundaries. Though globalization offers extensive opportunities for worldwide development, in my opinion this process is not progressing evenly. I intend to prove that the richest of 225 people in the world have a combined wealth equal to the annual income of the poorest 47% of the world’s individuals. (Joshua Karliner) Countries that have been able to integrate with other nations are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. However, many nations have not been so fortunate, especially in developing areas. One in four individuals across the world lives in abject poverty, without access to adequate food, clean water, sanitation, essential healthcare or basic education services. This is both the principal moral issue facing the world as well as the utmost menace to the future security and stability of the planet. Many of today’s problems, such as war and conflict, mass migration, and environmental degradation are rooted in poverty and inequality. Yet if globalization resembles early capitalism, the rise of international anti-globalization organizations is beginning to resemble the early development of trade unions in the western world. While pro-globalization forces still consider these groups to be nothing more than a collection of cranks and misfits, incapable of understanding the global economy, there is growing evidence that these groups are becoming a force to be reckoned with:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the process of globalization also has created alliances once thought impossible. At the Seattle protests against the World Trade Organization in 1999 — and later at â€Å"anti-globalization† protests in Washington, DC, Los  Angeles, Prague and Quebec City — debt relief activists, Green party members, health care advocates, labor leaders, development economists, religious groups and hundreds of thousands of young people marched together.† (AlterNet par. 2) Interestingly, the same forces that facilitate economic globalization also greatly enhance the abilities of the anti-globalization faction to mobilize against it. Greater communication, Internet use, travel, and news dissemination allow activists around the world greater access to each other and greater knowledge of difficulties being faced in developing countries. Of particular interest is the timeliness of the broadcast of information, this sometimes allowing activists to slow or stop projects, rather than just criticize them after the fact. Globalization can also put a spotlight on issues of international and local justice, giving people access to supporters that was never before available and helping to advertise problems that in earlier times would never have been picked up by the media. Thus it seems possible that while developing countries very often have governments that actively promote the most ugly aspects of globalization, or are at least powerless to prevent them, the rising tide of grass-roots activism shared by both the developed and developing worlds may, in fact, be the beginning of an organization with the ability to curb and regulate globalization. In order to have a clear understanding of globalization’s impact on third world and the developing world, it is important to understand exactly what globalization means. When discussing globalization many make the mistake of assuming that it is a merely or even primarily an economic process. However, globalization also has political and social implications. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) sees globalization as an economic, and as a purely natural stage in human cultural and technological evolution stating:†Economic globalization is a historical process and the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people  (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders.† (IMF par. 6)The IMF also assumes that globalization, because it is a natural occurrence, is a good thing. From this point of view, the inequalities of wealth and poverty are the result of unequal globalization, and once that full globalization is reached, poorer countries will automatically benefit. The income gap between high-income and low-income countries has grown in recent decades. But it is wrong to jump to the conclusion that globalization has caused the divergence, or that nothing can be done to improve the situation. To the contrary: low-income countries haven’t been able to integrate with the global economy as quickly as others, partly because of their chosen policies and because of factors outside their control. No country, least of all the poorest, can afford to remain isolated from the world economy. Every country should seek to reduce poverty. The international community should endeavor by strengthening the international financial system through trade and through aid in order to help the poorest countries integrate into the world economy, grow more rapidly, and reduce poverty. That is the way to ensure all people in all countries have access to the benefits of globalization. (IMF par. 48)Objective OverviewMy main reason for writing this paper on globalization effects on third world countries is because I’m from a developing country, Grenada. Though it’s been many years sine I last visited my country of birth I’m still very interested in seeing this beautiful island successfully build up its economy. Also I want to be very much a cause of that development but I first needed to find out the general meaning of globalization and it’s effects on poverty stricken countries. As well as if globalization is helping or hindering my country as well as other developing nations. During my research I’ve gained a better understanding of globalizations cause and effects. The trends of globalization, rapid technological advancements, free trade and emergence of trading communities present challenges to Grenada’s developing economy. The Caribbean region as a whole is struggling with the reduction of international aid funds, due to relatively strong performance on the UN Human Development Index, at the same time that the region’s traditionally agricultural based economies are turning to tourism  for economic growth. In my opinion this hasn’t been enough for my country’s developing process. Agricultural production, primarily of bananas, cocoa, mace, and nutmeg, has historically been the largest sector of Grenada’s economy, providing the majority of employment and foreign exchange earnings. However, between 1987 and 2000 agriculture declined from 18.7% of GDP to 9.7%. The sector was plagued by problems throughout this period, including the loss of preferential trade agreements with the EC, a mealy bug infestation that devastated crops, the collapse of a nutmeg price agreement with Indonesia, and quality control problems that halted all banana exports. For example, â€Å"Critics point out that not only does the U.N. report depart from standard economic procedures like not correcting for price levels from country to country it hides numbers. Perhaps most egregiously, it compares gaps in income between the poorest and richest countries not individuals. Thus the economic circumstances of the citizens of tiny Grenada are put on a par with those of China, which has a population 12,000 times greater. Mistakes like these completely distort the record of globalization.† (The Rich Get Rich and Poor Get Poorer. Right? Let’s Take Another Look.) During the months after American invasion, which was beneficial, the mass organizations were dismantled, the labor unions were reorganized, over half of all medical personnel were expelled, investment and tax codes were revised to favor foreign investment, and cooperatives and states enterprises were sold to private interests. Billboards that had inspired the population to work for justice, equality, development and national sovereignty were quickly replaced by those designed to inspire them to buy American consumer products. The quality of life for most islanders deteriorated in the period following the invasion despite infusions of American aid. This is why I’m very interested in what globalization is doing for developing nations though I’m living a better life here; I’m still concerned in the countries progress. Although Grenada’s economy has been expanding, poverty is widespread. Though there is political freedom, the government is conservative and corrupt. And, in this era of neo-liberal globalization, the  island’s brief socialist experiment is but a fading memory. Lecture Review†The Era of Globalization† or is fast becoming the preferred term for describing the current times. Just as the Depression, the Cold War Era, the Space Age, and the Roaring 20’s are used to describe particular periods of history; globalization describes the political, economic, and cultural atmosphere of today. (Porter par. 3)Economic â€Å"globalization† is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. (Globalization: Threat or Opportunity? IMF par. 6) I didn’t particularly agree with the IMF’s take on Globalization but as I further researched the IMF’s views I began to understand them. Global free trade has caused worldwide environmental destruction in asymmetric pattern. The international economy is controlled by the corporations of the North who are increasingly exploiting Third World resources for their global activities. (Global Capitalism p.113) This is exactly how I feel about Grenada. Resources are being drained but nothing is going back into the country. The Vandana Shiva, author of this particular chapter in the book, really explains how I feel about globalization in Third World countries she further discuss,† It is the South that is disproportionately bearing the environmental burden of the globalised economy.†Joseph E. Stiglitz states,† IMF programs are typically dictated from Washington, and shaped by the short missions during which its staff members pore over numbers in the finance ministries and central banks and make themselves comfortable in five-star hotels in the capitals. There is more than symbolism in this difference: one cann ot come to learn about, and love, a nation unless one gets out to the countryside.†(Globalization and Its Discontents, p.24) He basically is saying the economist sent from the IMF should spend time in the country’s poorest areas not in the developed cities. I agree. He further says,† Statistic bear out what those who travel outside the capital see in the villages of Africa, Nepal, Mindanao, or Ethiopia; the gap between the poor and the rich has been growing, and even  the number in absolutely poverty-living on less than a dollar a day-has increased.†A question was asked of author Thomas L. Friedman in his book The Lexus and the Olive Tree by an Egyptian woman, â€Å"Does globalization mean we just leave the poor to fend for themselves?† he stated, â€Å"After enough such conversations I realized that most Egyptians-understandably-were approaching globalization out of a combination of despair and necessity, not out of any sense of opportunity. Globalization meant adapting to a threat coming from the outside, not increasing their freedoms. I also realized that their previous ideo logies-Arab nationalism, socialism, fascism or communism-while they may have made no economic sense, had a certain inspirational power. But globalism totally lacks this. When you tell a traditional society it has to streamline, downsize and get with the Internet, it is a challenge that is devoid of any redemptive or inspirational force. And that is why, for all of globalization’s obvious power to elevate living standards, it is going to be a tough, tough sell to all those millions who still say a prayer before they ride the elevator.†Concluding StatementsGlobalization has the potential to bring both great benefit and great hardship to developing nations and third world populations. Like capitalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, globalization without proper checks and balances could become a runaway force, knowing no moral or ethical boundaries. But capitalism has been somewhat tamed by a system of checks and balances that have grown from a variety of sources, including labor unions, activists, legal restrictions such as anti-trust laws, and such organizations as the FDA and SEC. While many people currently find globalization quite alarming due to its unregulated environment and the lack of restrictions on multi-national corporations, globalization carries within itself the very vehicle for its own regulation. Although formal international legal entities are still too weak to create lasting and enforceable legislation, the groundswell of public opinion is making itself felt. Internet use is putting activists in the developed world in direct contact with the developing world populations being most affected by globalization. Greater access to international travel allows protesters to be on hand and heard during meetings such as those of the WTO taking place in Seattle. The explosion of cable and online news services has made access to wide varieties of information easily available. Activists and protesters are able to reach investors, and investors are making their views heard through the buying and selling of stock. Just as runaway capitalism seemed untamable in the infancy of the labor movement, globalization now seems too monolithic an entity to ever be harnessed. It is possible, however, that the social, political, and legal results of today’s anti-globalization activism may provide enough safety measures that globalization can become primarily an agent of progress for all people. Whether this will happen in time to save developing countries from being socially and culturally overwhelmed, it is too early to say. BIBLOGRAPHY Porter, Keith. â€Å"What is Globalization?† Globalization Issues. About.com. Nov. 2002 http://globalization.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm. World Bank. Poverty in an Age of Globalization. Oct. 2000 http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/documents /povertyglobalization.pdf. Alternet.com. Globalization Overview. Nov. 2002 http://www.alternet.org/issues/globalization.html. Countries from A to Z. Grenada. The US Invasion of Grenada (2003). http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/grenada.htmhttp://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/history/2003/10grenada.htmKarliner, Joshua. The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization. 1997. Sierra Club Books. Longworth, R.C. â€Å"Globalization Survey Reveals U.S. Corporations Prefer Dictatorships.† GlobalExchange.org. Nov 19, 1999. http://www.globalexchange.org/economy/econ101/survey.htmlInternational Monetary Fund. â€Å"Globalization: Threat or Opportunity?† Apr. 12, 2000. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200.htm. Hutton, Will and Giddens, Anthony. (2000). Global Capitalism. The New York Press, New York2000. Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). Globalization and Its Discontents. W.W, Norton & Company, Inc.,500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. ISBN 0-393-05124-2Friedman, Thomas L. (1999,2000). The Lexus and the Olive Tree. New York: Farrar, StrausGiroux ISBN 0-385-49934-5Postrel, Virginia. (August 15, 2002).†The Rich Get Rich and Poor Get Poorer. Right? Let’s TakeAnother Look.† New York Times